Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Native Wildlife in the Great Southern

Introduction

Here in the Great Southern, we are fortunate to share our landscape with remarkable native wildlife. From the quiet call of a boobook owl at dusk to western ringtail possums moving through peppermint trees, these species are part of the unique ecosystems that make our region so special.

Thanks in part to existing information and awareness campaigns, many people are already aware that anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can pass from prey to predator — for example, from mice to owls. But fewer realise that some ingredients can remain in the environment and move through food webs in indirect and complex pathways.

At Healing Hands Wildlife Care, we respond to wildlife cases where second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) exposure is suspected, including western ringtail possums and other native species.

Once introduced into the environment, SGAR residues can move beyond the original bait point through contaminated rodents, predators, and scavengers, creating opportunities for exposure within ecosystems.

The best-understood pathway is through contaminated prey and carcasses. Other possible pathways—such as soil, leaf litter, and invertebrates—are still being investigated.

Because of these concerns, SGAR products have been subject to increasing regulatory review and controls in Australia, with ongoing assessment of their environmental and wildlife impacts.

💡 A quick note on terminology

ARs (anticoagulant rodenticides): Chemicals designed to interfere with normal blood clotting in rodents, leading to delayed internal bleeding after ingestion. ARs are broadly divided into FGARs and SGARs. This article focuses on anticoagulant rodenticides commonly found in household rodent control products.

FGARs (first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides): generally less persistent in the environment and animal tissues.

SGARs (second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides): more persistent in the environment and food webs, and subject to increased regulations in Australia.

Why This Matters

I heard SGARs are being reviewed in Australia — why should I care and keep reading this article?

Older SGAR products may still be sitting in homes, sheds, or garages and are often forgotten or overlooked. Because packaging can look similar across products and the active ingredient is usually in small print, it is important to check labels so you know exactly what you are using and its potential impact on wildlife.

This is not just an “owl problem” — SGARs can move through local ecosystems in ways that are not always immediately obvious, potentially affecting a wide range of Great Southern wildlife, including western ringtail possums, bobtail lizards, and other native species.

I know rodenticides are sometimes necessary — so is this just saying all poisons are bad?

Healing Hands Wildlife Care recognises that rodent control is sometimes necessary. This article does not focus on stopping all rodenticide use but on helping people choose lower-risk options when rodenticides are required. By understanding active ingredients, environmental risks, and safer options for wildlife, we can make choices that better protect native wildlife.

Where anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are required, first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) are generally considered a lower-risk option for reducing potential impacts on wildlife, but they must still be used responsibly.

What You’ll Learn

Why SGARs are subject to increased regulation.
SGARs may still be in your home.
How SGARs move through complex pathways.
Why it’s not just a “mouse-to-owl” problem.
What to ask for in stores.
How to check the active ingredient.
How to recognise common FGAR and SGAR active ingredients.
Why prevention comes first.
How to choose lower-risk rodenticides when necessary.
Why secure, enclosed bait stations matter.

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Anticoagulant Rodenticides: FGARs vs SGARs

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are chemicals designed to interfere with normal blood clotting in rodents, leading to delayed internal bleeding after ingestion.

They are generally grouped into:

First-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs): FGARs are older-generation rodenticides that are generally less persistent and usually require multiple feeds over several days to be effective.
Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs): SGARs are highly potent, newer-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). Rodents may only need to feed once for a lethal dose, but death typically takes several days. During this time, the toxin can move through the environment and food web.

FGAR Active Ingredients

(LOWER-RISK)

✔ warfarin
✔ coumatetralyl
✔ diphacinone

SGAR Active Ingredients

(AVOID)

✘ brodifacoum
✘ bromadiolone
✘ difenacoum
✘ difethialone
✘ flocoumafen

Differences Between FGARs and SGARs

The key difference: persistence.

Both first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are used for rodent control and can affect non-target wildlife depending on exposure conditions. However, SGARs remain active in animal tissues and the environment for much longer, which increases the risk of secondary poisoning compared to FGARs.

FGAR chemicals are generally less persistent in animal tissues and the environment and are often considered a lower-risk option for reducing potential impacts on wildlife. Unlike SGARs, they typically require multiple feedings over time to reach a lethal dose, break down and clear more quickly from animal tissues, and are considered less persistent in the environment.

SGAR chemicals can remain in the environment and animal tissues long after exposure and are the subject of ongoing scientific research and regulatory review in Australia. They are designed so that a single feeding can deliver a lethal dose and can persist in animal tissues for longer. As a result, residues can remain in carcasses for extended periods.

The key difference: persistence.

Both first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are used for rodent control and can affect non-target wildlife depending on exposure conditions. However, SGARs remain active in animal tissues and the environment for much longer, which increases the risk of secondary poisoning compared to FGARs.

	FGARs First-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides	SGARs Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides
Common active ingredients	Warfarin, coumatetralyl, diphacinone	Brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, difethialone, flocoumafen
Potency	Lower potency	Higher potency
How they work	Require multiple feedings over time to reach a lethal dose	Can deliver a lethal dose after a single feeding event
Time to death	Delayed, typically after repeated exposure	Delayed, typically several days after exposure
Persistence in body	Break down and clear more quickly from animal tissues	Remain in animal tissues for longer periods
Environmental persistence	Lower persistence in the environment	Higher persistence in the environment
Food web risk	Lower likelihood of accumulation	Higher likelihood of accumulation and secondary exposure

Why FGARs and SGARs Are Hard to Identify on Packaging

Most anticoagulant rodenticide products do not prominently display the terms “first-generation” or “second-generation” on the packaging, making it difficult for consumers to identify the active ingredients and potential wildlife risks. Product names and front-of-pack claims can also make rodent control products difficult to compare. Terms such as “natural”, “eco”, “green”, “organic”, or “pet-friendly” do not automatically mean a product is safe for wildlife.

The active ingredient is the most reliable way to identify what type of rodenticide you are using and assess its potential risks. Always check the active ingredient, as it provides a clearer indication of potential wildlife impacts than product names, packaging, or marketing claims.

Once you know that the active ingredient is the key information to check, the next challenge is remembering which ingredients belong to FGARs and SGARs.

SGAR Marketing Claims: The Wildlife Perspective

SGAR advertisements are designed to highlight the features that make these products effective: rodents find the bait attractive, a single feeding can deliver a lethal dose, and death occurs after a delayed period rather than immediately. However, these same features can also increase wildlife risks when SGAR baits enter the broader environment. The table compares common marketing messages with the wildlife perspective behind them.

💡 Did you know? “Single-feed” on SGAR packaging does not mean instant death. It means that one feeding can deliver a lethal dose, but the effects develop gradually, with death typically occurring several days later. During this time, the rodent may continue to move through the environment before death occurs, creating opportunities for secondary exposure.

The issue isn’t that the claims are false; it’s that the same characteristics that make SGARs effective for rodent control can also increase the risk of wildlife exposure and secondary poisoning.

Understanding these differences helps people look beyond the marketing and understand why some rodent control products pose greater risks to wildlife than others.

SGAR advertisements are designed to highlight the features that make these products effective: rodents find the bait attractive, a single feeding can deliver a lethal dose, and death occurs after a delayed period rather than immediately. However, these same features can increase wildlife risks when SGAR baits enter the broader environment. The table compares common marketing messages with the wildlife perspective behind them.

💡 Did you know? “Single-feed” on SGAR packaging does not mean instant death. It means that one feeding can deliver a lethal dose, but the effects develop gradually, with death typically occurring several days later. During this time, the rodent may continue to move through the environment before death occurs, creating opportunities for secondary exposure.

Marketing benefit	Wildlife perspective
“Made with grains and seeds rodents love.”	Grain- and seed-based baits may also attract non-target wildlife that can access the bait.
“Kills after a single feed.”	“Kills in one feed” refers to the amount of bait eaten, not how quickly the rodent dies. Poisoned rodents usually survive for several days before dying, allowing them to move through the environment before they die, increasing the risk of secondary poisoning.
“Death delayed by 4–5 days, so rodents are less likely to link the bait with illness.”	Delayed death allows poisoned rodents to continue moving through the environment before they die, increasing the risk of secondary poisoning to predators and scavengers.
“Remains fresh and protected from insects.”	Insects may still interact with bait depending on the product, placement and environmental conditions, potentially contributing to environmental contamination.

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How Anticoagulant Rodenticides Affect Wildlife

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can move through ecosystems in multiple ways, including:

Direct food web transfer: wildlife is exposed by eating poisoned or contaminated animals.
Indirect environmental pathways: wildlife may encounter residues that have moved into the surrounding environment, such as soil, vegetation or leaf litter.

Direct Food Web Transfer

Most native predators and scavengers do not eat bait directly. Instead, they can be exposed through the food web when they eat poisoned or contaminated animals.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can create secondary poisoning risks for wildlife. However, the risk is generally greater with SGARs because they persist in poisoned animals for longer.

SGARs are designed to last. Because they can remain in animal tissues for extended periods, residues can persist in poisoned animals, creating opportunities for secondary exposure. While this improves effectiveness against rodents, it also means the toxin can be passed on to non-target wildlife.

Well-established pathways of direct secondary exposure include:

predators eating poisoned rodents
scavengers feeding on contaminated carcasses
predators such as wedge-tailed eagles consuming poisoned prey or carrion

This can occur in a single step in the food chain, for example, an owl consuming a poisoned mouse or a scavenger feeding on a contaminated carcass.

Most native predators and scavengers do not eat bait directly. Instead, they can be exposed through the food web when they eat poisoned or contaminated animals.

Indirect Environmental Pathways

But the food web is only part of the story. While direct food-web transfer is the most well-understood pathway, growing research is examining less visible environmental routes of SGAR exposure, including the movement of rodenticide residues through the environment.

These less visible pathways may include contaminated soil, vegetation, leaf litter, and interactions with contaminated invertebrates.

Research is ongoing into additional environmental pathways, which may include:

wildlife interacting with contaminated areas
movement of residues through vegetation and leaf litter
contact with contaminated soil or surfaces
transfer through invertebrates such as insects, slugs, and snails

The strength and importance of these pathways can vary between environments, and they are still being studied. However, they may help explain how exposure can extend beyond obvious predator–prey relationships and why rodenticide residues may sometimes be detected in species beyond traditional food web pathways.

The food web is only part of the story. While direct food web transfer is the most well-understood pathway, growing research is examining less visible environmental routes of SGAR exposure, including the movement of rodenticide residues through the environment.

These less visible pathways may include contaminated soil, vegetation, leaf litter, and interactions with contaminated invertebrates.

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Examples of Wildlife Affected and Why They Matter in the Great Southern

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can affect a wide range of native wildlife in the Great Southern, including mammals, birds, and reptiles that share the same environments.

Why Owls Matter: A Species That Helped Us Understand the Problem

Owls are often the first species people think of when they hear about rodenticide impacts — and for good reason.

As natural predators of mice and rats, owls can be exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides when they consume contaminated prey. This is one of the clearest examples of how a chemical intended for one species can move through the food web and affect another.

💡 Did you know? Rodenticide poisoning can affect an animal’s ability to move, fly and respond to danger. Birds affected by SGARs may become weak, lethargic, slow and disoriented, making them less able to navigate their surroundings or escape threats. This can make poisoned wildlife more vulnerable to car strikes, collisions with buildings and other structures, and other injuries.

However, the issue is not only about owls.

The same properties that allow SGARs to remain in animal tissues for longer also increase the chance of exposure through food webs, affecting a wide range of wildlife, including mammals, reptiles, scavengers, and other predators. Owls help us understand the problem because they are a visible reminder that everything in an ecosystem is connected.

Protecting owls means looking beyond the individual bird. It means reducing unnecessary exposure risks throughout the environment they share with countless other native species. By protecting one of our best-known predators, we also help protect the wider ecosystem they depend on.

Wildlife Spotlight: Birds of Prey — Australian Boobook Owl

A native night hunter common throughout the Great Southern and an important predator of rodents. Because they feed on small mammals, they can be vulnerable to secondary poisoning when anticoagulant rodenticides move through the food web.

The Australian Boobook Owl is a native nocturnal bird of prey common throughout the Great Southern. Its distinctive “boo-book” call is often heard at night across woodland and rural areas, making it a familiar part of the local landscape. As an important predator of rodents, it can be vulnerable to secondary poisoning when anticoagulant rodenticides move through the food web. Because it occurs around farms, bushland, and residential areas, it helps illustrate how rodenticides can move beyond their intended target.

Boobook owls, along with other birds of prey, play an important ecological role by helping regulate rodent populations as part of a balanced ecosystem. Because they feed on small mammals such as mice and rats, they can be vulnerable to secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides when these toxins move through the food web.

When an owl is exposed to SGARs, the chemicals can build up in its body over time, potentially making it weaker, affecting its health, and reducing its ability to survive. This does not always result in immediate visible effects, but ongoing exposure can place additional pressure on local wildlife populations and the ecosystems they help support.

Other birds of prey in the Great Southern may be similarly affected, including wedge-tailed eagles and tawny frogmouths, highlighting that SGAR exposure is not limited to a single species but can impact multiple levels of the ecosystem.

Birds of prey affected by SGAR exposure may not die immediately but can become progressively weaker over time. As their condition declines, they may struggle to hunt, avoid hazards, and survive in the wild.

Potential exposure pathways may include:

SGAR bait in bait stations leading to poisoned rodents
poisoned rodents moving through the food web after exposure
secondary transfer via snakes or other predators that have consumed contaminated prey
scavenging or predation on affected animals within the food web

Wildlife Spotlight: Native Mammals — Western Ringtail Possum

A critically endangered local species still present in the Great Southern. They may eat rodent bait directly if they can access it. They forage in vegetation near human areas and may also be exposed through indirect environmental pathways.

The Western Ringtail Possum is a native marsupial endemic to the South West of Western Australia and is now listed as critically endangered. The Great Southern is one of the regions where remaining populations occur, making the species especially important to local biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Western ringtail possums play an important ecological role by browsing native vegetation and contributing to natural processes within forest and coastal ecosystems. Their presence is often considered an indicator of healthy habitat.

Because they spend much of their time foraging in trees and vegetation close to residential areas, they can also be vulnerable to environmental contamination pathways that are not always immediately obvious. This highlights that the impacts of persistent rodenticides are not limited to birds of prey but may affect a broad range of native wildlife across the Great Southern landscape.

Western ringtail possums may repeatedly forage through leaf litter, bark, and surrounding vegetation in the same area over consecutive nights. They are selective feeders, spending much of their time foraging through trees and vegetation and feeding on leaves, shoots, flowers, and peppermint leaves. If SGAR residues are present in the environment, repeated exposure is a potential concern because these chemicals can remain active for extended periods rather than breaking down quickly.

Unlike many other native species, western ringtail possums may eat rodent bait directly if they can access it. Anticoagulant rodenticides can cause severe internal bleeding over several days, resulting in a prolonged and painful death. If western ringtail possums visit your garden or live nearby, avoiding anticoagulant baits wherever possible is one of the most effective ways to reduce this risk. If rodent control is necessary, focus on non-poison methods.

Potential exposure pathways may include:

SGAR bait in bait stations or accessible placements near vegetation
poisoned rodents or carrion moving through the environment after exposure
residues in soil, leaf litter, and surrounding vegetation near baiting sites
indirect transfer via invertebrates interacting with contaminated bait or environmental residues

Wildlife Spotlight: Native Reptiles — Shingleback (Bobtail) Lizard

A ground-level forager commonly seen across the Great Southern and closely connected to soil, leaf litter, and low vegetation. Their feeding behaviour makes them an important indicator of how anticoagulant rodenticides can move through environmental pathways beyond their intended targets.

The Australian Shingleback, also known as the bobtail lizard, is a native reptile commonly found throughout southern and southwestern Australia, including the Great Southern region of Western Australia.

Shinglebacks play an important ecological role as omnivorous foragers, feeding on a varied diet that includes plant material, flowers, fruits, and invertebrates. Because of this broad diet and their ground-level foraging behaviour, they interact closely with soil, leaf litter, and low vegetation in both natural and residential environments.

Because bobtails forage widely and consume both plant material and invertebrates, potential exposure pathways may include:

SGAR bait in bait stations or accessible placements near vegetation
contaminated invertebrates or small prey after exposure to SGARs
residues in soil, leaf litter, and surrounding vegetation near baiting sites
indirect transfer via invertebrates interacting with contaminated bait or environmental residues

Unlike mammals and birds of prey, reptiles may be exposed in different ways because of how they feed and interact with their environment.

This makes reptiles, including shinglebacks, important species for understanding how anticoagulant rodenticides can move through environments beyond their intended targets.

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Making Safer Rodent Control Choices

Effective wildlife-safe rodent control does not rely on a single method. It’s all about the combination.

In many situations, the best outcomes come from combining (1) prevention, (2) non-poison methods, and (3) lower-risk rodenticides (FGARs) when necessary. For one household, this might mean removing food sources and sealing entry points first, using mechanical traps where appropriate, and, if anticoagulant rodenticides are required, choosing the lowest-risk option for the situation, such as an FGAR rather than an SGAR where appropriate, and always using it responsibly in a secure, enclosed bait station.

💡 Something to think about…

If you call a pest control service, don’t forget to ask what active ingredient is being used. Knowing the active ingredient allows you to ask informed questions and make clearer choices about what is being used in and around your home.

It can also be helpful to ask not only “What are you putting down?” but “What can we do so we don’t need to keep putting it down?” Ask whether they can help identify and address the underlying reasons rodents are getting into your home — such as accessible food sources, gaps and entry points, or other conditions attracting rodents.

This shifts the conversation away from simply choosing between different poisons and towards preventing the need for rodenticide in the first place.

When speaking with hardware stores or pest control providers, ask about prevention, exclusion, trapping options, and the active ingredients used in any rodenticide products.

Know what to ask for in stores:

Do you have materials for sealing gaps and entry points to help keep rodents out?
Do you have chew-resistant or rodent-proof containers for storing human and pet food?
Do you have non-poison options such as snap traps or enclosed traps?
What active ingredient does this rodenticide contain?
Is this a first-generation (FGAR) or second-generation (SGAR) anticoagulant?
Is the bait intended to be used in an enclosed bait station?
Are there wildlife-safer or lower-risk alternatives available for my situation? (Remember to check the active ingredient.)

Prevention

Prevention tackles the cause; poison may reduce rodent numbers but does not prevent rodents from getting in again. Prevention focuses on addressing why rodents are getting into or around your home, rather than simply treating the problem after it occurs. Rodenticides may reduce rodent numbers, but they do not seal entry points, remove food sources, or change the conditions that are attracting rodents. Addressing these underlying factors can provide a more lasting solution and may reduce the need for rodenticide in the first place.

Before using rodenticides:

Remove food sources: Remove food sources such as unsecured pet food, compost, or household waste. Available food sources attract rodents and can encourage ongoing infestations. In gardens, remove fallen fruit and vegetables, and ensure compost bins are secure and not accessible to rodents.
Store food securely: Store all human and pet food in sealed, chew-proof containers. This helps prevent rodents from accessing food sources inside and around the home.
Keep rodents out: Seal entry points into buildings, sheds, and roof spaces. Use physical barriers such as metal mesh to prevent rodents from entering structures and accessing potential pathways. Preventing access is a long-term solution and should be the first step in home rodent control.
Clean up: Improve hygiene in kitchens and outdoor areas. Clean up spills, remove food scraps, and avoid leaving waste accessible to rodents.
Remove shelters: Reduce shelter opportunities by removing clutter, debris, and areas of dense vegetation around your home. Materials such as thick leaf litter, stored items, and garden waste can provide shelter for rodents. Minimising these areas makes properties less attractive to rodents.

Non-Poison Methods

Mechanical traps, including snap traps and enclosed trap systems, are commonly used to reduce rodent numbers in targeted areas. Unlike rodenticides, they do not introduce persistent toxins into the environment or food web. When used correctly and checked regularly, traps can provide effective rodent control while avoiding the risk of secondary poisoning to native wildlife.

Common types of mechanical traps include:

Snap traps
Enclosed snap traps
Live-capture traps (cage or box traps)
Other non-poison trapping systems

There are many different traps available depending on your circumstances. Choose traps that minimise risks to non-target species. If trapping outdoors or in areas accessible to native wildlife, consider enclosed live traps that can allow accidentally captured animals to be released. Live traps should be checked frequently to minimise animal stress or injury. Snap traps can be an effective option inside homes when placed where they cannot be accessed by wildlife or other non-target animals.

When choosing a trap, consider where it will be used and what other animals may have access to it. In areas where native wildlife may be present, choose options that minimise the risk of accidental capture or injury.

Lower-Risk Rodenticides (FGARs) When Necessary

When this is the case, careful use is important to reduce unintended harm to native wildlife.

First-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) have a longer history of use and are generally considered lower-risk than second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs), as they are less persistent in animal tissues and have a lower potential for secondary poisoning.

Even when used as directed, anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) can still create secondary poisoning risks. This does not mean that people using rodenticides are being careless. Many are managing genuine rodent problems and may be following product instructions appropriately.

For this reason, reducing unnecessary exposure risk involves:

Targeted baiting: Place bait only where rodent activity is confirmed, and avoid areas near vegetation, leaf litter, or known wildlife activity.
Secure bait stations: When rodenticides are used, they should always be placed in secure, enclosed, tamper-resistant bait stations, used responsibly and checked regularly to reduce risks to wildlife and other non-target animals.
Limit use and duration: Using the minimum effective amount for the shortest necessary period.
Use lower-risk options where appropriate: Prefer first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) over second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) where rodenticides are required.
Remove rodent carcasses where possible: Regularly check baiting areas and remove dead rodents to reduce opportunities for predators and scavengers to encounter contaminated carcasses. Dispose of poisoned rodents safely.

These small adjustments can significantly reduce the risk of exposure for non-target wildlife.

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In Summary

This article is not about saying “never use rodenticides.” It is about making informed choices. Prevention and non-poison methods should come first. Where anticoagulant rodenticides are necessary, consider an FGAR (warfarin, coumatetralyl or diphacinone) instead of an SGAR when appropriate, and always place baits in a secure, enclosed bait station to reduce access by native wildlife.

Three Things You Can Do to Help Wildlife Today

Check what is already in your home.
- Look through sheds, garages, and cupboards for old rodenticide products. Check the active ingredient and dispose of unwanted products responsibly.
Choose wildlife-safer rodent control methods.
- Prevent rodent problems first; use non-poison methods such as traps where possible and, where appropriate, choose FGARs instead of SGARs, use rodenticides responsibly, and always use them in a secure, enclosed bait station.
Check the active ingredient before you buy.
- When shopping or speaking with pest control providers, ask what active ingredient is being used, whether it is an FGAR or SGAR, and what lower-risk options are available for your situation. Not all rodenticides are the same. Understanding the difference between FGARs and SGARs is one of the simplest ways to help reduce risks to native wildlife.

Every informed choice matters. By checking the active ingredient, choosing lower-risk options where appropriate, and asking the right questions, we can help reduce unnecessary risks to the wildlife that makes the Great Southern such a special place to live.

What You’ve Learned

Why SGARs are subject to increased regulation:
1. SGARs are subject to increasing regulatory controls in Australia because of concerns about their impacts on native wildlife and the environment.
SGARs may still be in your home:
1. Older SGAR products may still be stored in homes, sheds, and garages.
How SGARs move through complex pathways:
1. Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), particularly SGARs, can move through food webs and environmental pathways in ways that are not always obvious.
Why it’s not just a “mouse-to-owl” problem:
1. SGARs can affect birds, mammals, reptiles, and other native wildlife through multiple exposure pathways.
What to ask for in stores:
1. Ask about prevention, non-poison options, the active ingredient, enclosed bait stations, and lower-risk FGARs where anticoagulant rodenticides are necessary.
How to check the active ingredient:
1. The active ingredient on the packaging is the most reliable way to identify a rodenticide and understand its potential risks to wildlife.
How to recognise common FGAR and SGAR active ingredients:
1. Knowing common FGAR and SGAR active ingredients makes it easier to identify rodenticide products and understand their potential wildlife risks.
Why prevention comes first:
1. Preventing rodent problems and using non-poison methods reduce the need for rodenticides and the risks they can pose to wildlife.
How to choose lower-risk rodenticides when necessary:
1. Where anticoagulant rodenticides are necessary, consider an FGAR instead of an SGAR when appropriate, use them responsibly, and always place baits in secure, enclosed bait stations.
Why secure, enclosed bait stations matter:
1. Secure, enclosed bait stations help limit bait access to target rodents while reducing risks to wildlife and other non-target animals.

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References

For official information about rodenticides in Australia, visit the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority:

APVMA Rodenticide Information

This article brings together information from scientific research, conservation organisations, Australian regulatory bodies, and our own experience caring for wildlife. It also draws on information from organisations such as BirdLife Australia, Wildlife Health Australia, and Owl Friendly Margaret River.

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Disclaimer: This article is an educational summary intended to improve public understanding of anticoagulant rodenticides and their potential ecological impacts. It does not replace product labels, regulatory guidance, or professional pest management advice.

Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Native Wildlife in the Great Southern

Safer choices for native wildlife in the Great Southern: understanding FGARs and SGARs, how they move through food webs and the environment, and their potential impacts on local wildlife.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Why This Matters

What You’ll Learn

Anticoagulant Rodenticides: FGARs vs SGARs

Differences Between FGARs and SGARs

Why FGARs and SGARs Are Hard to Identify on Packaging

SGAR Marketing Claims: The Wildlife Perspective

How Anticoagulant Rodenticides Affect Wildlife

Direct Food Web Transfer

Indirect Environmental Pathways

Examples of Wildlife Affected and Why They Matter in the Great Southern

Why Owls Matter: A Species That Helped Us Understand the Problem

Wildlife Spotlight: Birds of Prey — Australian Boobook Owl

Wildlife Spotlight: Native Mammals — Western Ringtail Possum

Wildlife Spotlight: Native Reptiles — Shingleback (Bobtail) Lizard

Making Safer Rodent Control Choices

Prevention

Non-Poison Methods

Lower-Risk Rodenticides (FGARs) When Necessary

In Summary

Three Things You Can Do to Help Wildlife Today

What You’ve Learned

References